Blog of Globalspecialists

From burning oil-based fuels and biomass, Black carbon particles , particularly in developing countries, are not only a health-hazard but may also contribute to global warming.

The toxicity of carbon particles (“particulate”) has been disquieted in the designation of PM2.5 and PM10, which adverts to particles of size of 2.5 and 10 microns (thousandths of a millimetre) or less. The smallest of these particles are breathed into the deep lung, and during conditions where the concentration of them is high, an enhanced incidence of heart attacks and breathing problems is found. It is thought that the presence of the particles triggers the release of cytokines, which control various cellular responses, and this is the cause of such health problems during smogs.

The origin of the particles is the incomplete combustion of diesel fuel and though more tank to wheel miles are got from diesel than petrol, the emission of particulate poses a danger to health. By fine-tuning a diesel engine the amount of particulate formed can be minimised but rarely entirely eliminated. Burning biomass is a further significant source of carbon black.

Such carbon particles may also influence the health of the planet, and carbon black and CO2 cause the Earth to warm-up by different mechanisms. In the case of CO2, there is a contribution to the greenhouse effect, while particles of carbon black absorb some of the heat from sunlight directly and act like an atmospheric blanket that is becoming thicker as levels of pollution increases. Carbon black particles have a life-time in the air of typically just a few weeks, before they are removed by precipitation and gravity. Thus, if the sources of these particles were removed, the air would become clean of them fairly quickly, unlike CO2 which may hang around for centuries.

This is particularly significant for India and other developing countries in Asia, where a prominent mix of particles from burning biomass and fuels in vehicles arises, and India produces around 6% of the world total atmospheric budget of black carbon. Asian countries stress that it is Western nations that emit most of the world’s atmospheric carbon and so should set an example in terms of curbing carbon emissions. However, since it is developing nations that emit relatively more black carbon per capita, they may be called to account and encouraged to limit those processes that are the origin of it.

It is significant that if a glacier becomes literally coated with a layer of carbon black, the extra absorbed heat will cause the ice to melt faster. Thus there is a particular link between carbon black and potential sea level rise. Black carbon is easier to curb than CO2 in that by reducing deforestation in which tropical rainforests are burned, and fitting diesel filters to vehicles a significant proportion of the particulate can be eliminated. Domestic stoves that burn wood and other biomass could also be replaced by cleaner alternatives. In addition to the amelioration of effects on climate, considerable improvements to the health of large populations of the world should be expected.

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Climate models use many rules to imitate the interactions of the oceans, atmosphere,  ice and land surface. All climate models take account of incoming energy as short wave electromagnetic radiation, chiefly visible and short wave infrared, as well as outgoing energy as long wave infrared electromagnetic radiation from the earth. Any derangement results in a change in temperature. The most talked about models of recent years have been those relating temperature to emanation of carbon dioxide.

These models project an upward trend in the surface temperature record, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher altitudes. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg have developed a new model that specifies the maximum volumes of carbon dioxide that humans may emit to remain below the increased climate warming of two degrees Celsius. To do this, the scientists incorporated into their calculations data relating to the carbon cycle, namely the volume of carbon dioxide absorbed and released by the oceans and forests.

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere caused by the combustion of fossil fuels (gas, oil) has increased significantly since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. If carbon dioxide emissions and, as a result, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations continue to increase unchecked, a further increase in the global temperature can be expected before the end of this century.

In the newest model, European scientists have now calculated for the first time the extent to which the global carbon dioxide emissions must be reduced to halt global warming.

“What’s new about this research is that we have integrated the carbon cycle into our model to obtain the emissions data,” says Erich Roeckner. According to the model, admissible carbon dioxide emissions will increase from approximately seven billion tons of carbon in the year 2000 to a maximum value of around ten billion tons in 2015. In order to achieve the long term stabilization of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, the emissions will then have to be reduced by 56% by the year 2050 and be reduced even further thereafter. This model then predicts that global warming would remain under the two degree Celsius (about 4 degrees Fahrenheit) threshold until 2100.

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The effects of population growth are wide-ranging and immense. While population growth,  may be beneficial to a certain extent, there may come a time when the number in the population exceeds the natural resources available to sustain it. This is referred to as overpopulation. The consequences of such an event are severe and major.

Changes in population growth and composition, including aging and urbanization, could significantly affect global emissions of carbon dioxide over the next 40 years. The research, appearing in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), was conducted by an international team of scientists from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. By mid-century it is estimated that global population could rise by more than three billion people, with most of that increase occurring in urban areas. The study showed that a slowing of population growth, following one of the slower growth paths considered plausible by demographers at the United Nations, could contribute to significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

The researchers found that such slow growth paths by 2050 could account for 16 to 29 percent of the emissions reductions thought necessary to keep global temperatures from causing serious impacts.

Globally, the growth rate of the human population has been declining since peaking in 1962 and 1963 at 2.20% per year. In 2009 the estimated world annual growth rate was 1.1%. The last one hundred years have seen a rapid increase in population due to medical advances and massive increase in agricultural productivity.

The actual annual growth in the number of humans fell from its peak of 88.0 million in 1989, to a low of 73.9 million in 2003, after which it rose again to 75.2 million in 2006. Since then, annual growth has declined. In 2009 the human population increased by 74.6 million, and it is projected to fall steadily to about 41 million per year in 2050. Each region of the globe has seen great reductions in growth rate in recent decades, though growth rates remain above 2% in some countries of the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa, and also in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.

In their new study the researchers sought to quantify how demographic changes influence emissions over time, and in which regions of the world. They also went beyond changes in population size to examine the links between aging, urbanization, and emissions.

The team found that growth in urban populations could lead to as much as a 25 percent rise in projected carbon dioxide emissions in some developing countries. The increased economic growth associated with city dwellers was directly correlated with increased emissions, largely due to the higher productivity and consumption preferences of an urban labor force.

In contrast, aging can reduce emissions levels by up to 20 percent in some industrialized countries. This is because older populations are associated with lower labor force participation, and the resulting lower productivity leads to lower economic growth.

The authors developed a set of economic growth, energy use, and emissions scenarios, using a new computer model (the Population-Environment-Technology model, or PET). To capture the effects of future demographic change, they distinguished between household types, looking at age, size, and urban vs. rural location.

In addition, they drew on data from national surveys covering 34 countries and representative of 61 percent of the global population to estimate key economic characteristics of household types over time, including labor supply and demand for consumer goods.

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A Global Winter, be it from Nuclear, Volcanic or NEO origins, is the basis for yet another climate change based doomsday scenario.  And there are those who wonder if el Nino and la Nina activity are signaling some type of climate change that could have adverse effects.

There has also been a very disturbing report recently published in the science journal “Nature” about how global warming could potentially trigger a climate doomsday by releasing the 10,000 gigatons of methane gas that are currently frozen in the worlds deep oceans and permafrost (as a greenhouse gas methane is about 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide.0 If this report is correct and these methane deposits are released we could see the temperature change rapidly by tend of degrees.A doomsday climate change could take several forms.  A climate change brought about by Global Warming is a basis for a doomsday scenario in some areas.

But if we are to combat global warming successfully, everyone needs to start working together. Not just governments, but each of us can also have a positive impact by recycling, buying eco friendly products, driving less and supporting the drive for renewables.

Global Warming is really a big problem we have to deal with nowadays, because it has the potential to change forever our lives and our planet’s environment as we know them, and this would affect the whole mankind. There are huge social, political, and economic issues that will rise if we don’t do something to stop the skyrocketing rise of the temperatures.

There is a debate about who is (or are) to blame for this dangerous phenomenon: what are the causes of global warming? Are them the industry CO2 emissions? Are them other gases, maybe made by animals or producted in another natural way, anyway? Is it the whole mankind itself, with its own way of using and abusing the planet Earth?
We think it does not really matter, because the problem exists (yes, global warming is REAL and it is happening) and is useless to look for someone to blame for it: instead, we need to ACT: everybody should do what is in his/her possibilities to DO something: we as humanity can still slow down the rising of temperature on the planet.

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The Earth’s Atmosphere is a step of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth’s gravity. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day andnight (the diurnal temperature variation).

Although the climate changes naturally on its own, humans certainly contribute to the pollution of the environment. More and more people are wondering how they can help reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. While change won’t happen overnight, here are some steps that you can take against global warming.

The greenhouse gases that our fossil fuels and other pollutions create are staying within the earths atmosphere and trapping inside heat that would normally escape. This trapped heat is then warming the planets lower atmosphere and surface. The result of this is a change in the earths climate, which although it doesn’t sound that serious could have a devastating effect on this planet. We have seen a steady increase in sea levels, there have also been an increasing number of extreme weather events, with an increase in droughts, heat-waves, hurricanes & coastal flooding, etc…

But this is just the start! If we continue adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere at our current rate, the climate could rise in temperature by a further 3 to 9% which would have a much more severe impact on people and places than we are currently seeing. This is why Governments and big business have started taking global warming seriously.

An increase in temperature of these amounts could lead to an increase in Flooding and droughts, more extreme weather conditions such as hurricanes and tsunamis, coral reef bleaching and disease would have the ability to spread with greater ease.

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Global warming is simply a rise in the temperature of the earths atmosphere. Global Warming is a dramatically severe and serious problem. We do not need to delay for governments to find a solution for this problem: each individual can bring an crucial help adopting a more responsible lifestyle: starting from little, everyday things. It’s the only reasonable way to save our planet, before it is too late.

The IPCC (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Control) concluded that it is mankind and our burning of fossil fuels and deforestation that has been the main contributor the rise (one degree Fahrenheit since 1900) But they have also observed that natural phenomena such as volcanoes and solar radiation have added to the warming.

The climate panels latest report predicts that the climate could rise by a further 3 to 9% by 2100, if our carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase. So climate change is not going to just disappear and the situation is likely to get much more severe unless we act quickly and in a coordinated manner.

Climate change has become a touchy subject in the Republican primary. Though some candidates once supported plans to reduce carbon emissions, such strategies have fallen out of favor with Republicans in recent years. Even acknowledging that human beings are causing climate change can be politically problematic for some Republicans.

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